In this scenario of economic crisis, falling tax revenues and the need to finance recovery programs, in Guatemala and Costa Rica it is already proposed to increase current taxes and create new ones.
Guatemalan authorities are already beginning to discuss the fiscal policy they will apply in 2021, when the economy will have to face the effects of the economic crisis generated by the covid-19 outbreak.
The Panamanian government assures that if the law that criminalizes tax evasion is not approved, the country will be exposed to enter the FATF grey list again in 2019.
From the Ministry of Economy and Finance press release:
The Ministry of Economy and Finance considers that it is necessary for Panama that the National Assembly approve the law that increases tax evasion to a criminal offence and as a precedent for money laundering.
In one of the regions that receives the least amount of taxes in the world, the tax burden remained relatively stable in 2017.
From the section Fiscal Outlook for Central America, from the report "Macro-fiscal Profiles: 9th edition", by the Central American Institute of Fiscal Studies (Icefi):
In 2017, the fiscal trajectory of countries in the region remained relatively constant with respect to what was observed in 2016.The following are highlighted as policy orientations: a) lack of political agreements, which transformed into a real impossibility of increasing tax revenues through tax reforms or strengthening the administrative capacity of tax administrations, and b) implementation of austerity programs, which in several countries had a greater impact on capital expenditures, in order to avoid an increase in the fiscal deficit and public sector debt.
Since 1999 Costa Rica has been included in the list of nations considered tax havens by the South American country.
From a statement issued by the Ministry of Finance:
COSTA RICA TAKEN OFF BRAZIL'S LIST OF TAX HAVENS
The Federal Revenue Secretariat of Brazil (Receita Federal do Brasil or RFB) has removed Costa Rica from the list of countries with favored taxation, known as tax havens.
The bill presented by the Varela administration in the National Assembly stipulates sanctions of 2 to 5 years and fines up to 10 times the amount defrauded.
From a statement issued by the Ministry of Economy and Finance:
January 18, 2018The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) today presented to the National Assembly a bill proposing the inclusion of the crime of tax fraud as a crime in the Penal Code.
The Panamanian government has announced that the accession to the Multilateral Agreement between Competent Authorities will expand the network of countries with which financial information will be automatically exchanged as of 2018.
From a statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
December 15, 2017.The Republic of Panama will adhere to the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement (MCAA), which will expand its network of agreements for the automatic exchange of information in an effective and economic manner for the country.
Citing the country's progress in international cooperation in the fiscal area, the OECD has announced that it will not include Panama in the list of non-cooperating countries.
The decision was based on the progress made by Panama in the adaptation of its legislative framework, the expansion of partners for the exchange of tax information and the work carried out by the DGI to handle requests for information.
The Constitutional Court notes that the bill against tax fraud which aims to create a register of shareholders and preventive asset freezing, "contains no substantive defects".
From a statement issued by the Constitutional Court:
Through judgment No. 2016-15712 15:50 hrs. of October 27, 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled on the Legislative Consultation put forward by several Members on the Bill to improve the fight against tax fraud.
The Government is once again bringing to the table the concept of global income, to force tax residents in the country to declare and pay taxes on profits earned abroad.
The Ministry of Finance has announced that"... they are working on a substitute text to a reform of income tax, which would mean a profound change to the initiative which is in Congress."This proposal is for tax any income generated from commercial activities outside of Costa Rica, by those tax residents who stay at least 183 days a year in the country.
From 2014 to 2015 the size of central governments remained constant at an average 18.5% of gross domestic product (GDP).
From the introduction of the report: "Macrofiscal Profiles: 6th Edition" by the Central American Institute for Fiscal Studies (Icefi):
2015 proved to be a period of low tax advance for the Central American region. On average, the size of central governments remained constant compared to 2014, at 18.5% of gross domestic product (GDP). However, not all nations maintained this trend in the same way. While the governments of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and El Salvador, some of the largest fiscally in the region, continued to increase their participation in the economy, reporting increases of 1.5, 0.7 and 0.7% of GDP, respectively, the Government of Guatemala - one of the smallest in the world became even smaller, being reduced by 1.2% of GDP. For its part, the Government of Honduras reported a small decrease of 0.2% of GDP, fully converged with its policy of fiscal austerity, while that of Panama had a transient contraction of 1.4%, reflecting a reorganization established by the new administration and that, according to the plans for 2016, will be reversed in full.
Treasury data shows that in respect to income tax on legal persons, there was a 70% shortfall on potential revenue, representing 4.23% of GDP.
"... We are still finding fraud, smuggling, omissions, arrears and taxpayers taking advantage of weaknesses in our laws, they are still looking for ways to default on their obligations, therefore we are trying to improve controls and our tax laws," said Helio Fallas, Minister of Finance in Costa Rica.
In Costa Rica the majority of MPs are opposed to the bill which would give the Treasury the ability to penalize delinquent taxpayers, a measure considered unique to the judiciary.
The Government will have to amend the draft law to improve the fight against tax fraud if it wants the Legislature to approve it. The opposition is mainly relted to the fact that the project would grant the ability to make charges and put in place embargoes without a court order, and there are also "... objections to tax advisers being made to pay part of the taxpayers debts, if the Administration considers that they gave the wrong advice."
"Of the total potential tax collection from VAT, only 50% is charged, with 19% being lost from exemptions and tax schemes, many without justification, while the remaining 30% is lost through evasion charges."
From a statement issued by the ICEFI:
During a forum organized by the Central American Institute for Fiscal Studies (Icefi) and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, a document was presented by the Icefi diagnosing the current situation of the Superintendency of Tax Administration (SAT) and an alternative roadmap was proposed for the rescue and reconstruction of the SAT.
"Fiscal accounts for 2015 anticipate an additional burden of concerns about the sustainability of the public finances of the governments of the region."
From a report entitled "Macrofiscal Profiles: 3rd Edition" by the Central American Institute for Fiscal Studies (Icefi):
The close of fiscal year 2014 has left more uncertainties than certainties in the current panorama for Central America.
Despite several announcements of new taxes, the government will focus on controlling tax evasion and leave the decision to implement a tax reform to future administrations.
According to authorities at the Ministry of Finance, at the moment there is no consensus for fiscal reform. The priority now will be to pursue and strengthen tax administration in order to meet budget expenditures this year.